Vegetable production is central to achieving global food security and nutrition. This review examines recent advances and persistent challenges in vegetable science within the framework of sustainable food systems. Key advances discussed include precision agriculture technologies such as IoT-based smart irrigation and drone-assisted crop monitoring, biotechnological innovations including CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for disease resistance and nutritional enhancement, protected cultivation systems encompassing greenhouse and vertical farming, and nanotechnology applications in fertilization and pest management. The review also addresses critical challenges including climate change impacts on vegetable yields, post-harvest losses exceeding 40% in developing regions, water scarcity, pest and disease pressures, and socioeconomic barriers to technology adoption. An integrated, multidisciplinary approach combining genetic improvement, climate-smart practices, advanced post-harvest management, and enabling policy frameworks is proposed for achieving sustainable vegetable-based food security.

Keywords: Vegetable Science; Sustainable Food Security; Precision Agriculture; CRISPR Gene Editing; Post-Harvest Technology.