Current Research in Agriculture and Farming (CRAF)
Year : 2026, Volume 7, Issue 3
First page : 47-56
Article doi: : http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-7146.333
Comparative Pathology and Biomarker Expression in Bovine Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study from Chhattisgarh Plains, India
Vivek Kumar1*, Dhananjay Kumar Jolhe1, Mamta Chaudhary2, Ratan Chandra Ghosh1 and Prashant M. Sonkusale3, Shradha Sinha4, Kamlesh Kumar5
1*Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P -243122 1Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg- 491001, Chhattisgarh 2ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 3Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal & Fisheries Science University, Nagpur- 440007, Maharashtra 4Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha 5Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg- 491001, Chhattisgarh *Corresponding Author E-mail: vk561997@gmail.com Received: 29.03.2026 | Revised: 23.04.2026 | Accepted: 12.
ABSTRACT
Background: Bovine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common malignant epithelial tumor affecting the horn, eye, skin, and genital organs, with limited comparative studies on its pathological and biomarker profiles across anatomical sites. Aim: To compare the clinicopathological, hematological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of bovine SCC at different anatomical locations in the Chhattisgarh plains. Materials and Methods: Twenty clinically suspected SCC cases from Durg, Dhamtari, and Rajnandgaon districts were examined using clinical evaluation, hematology, exfoliative cytology, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for pancytokeratin (Pan-CK), p53, p16, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Results: SCC was confirmed in horn, ocular, skin, and vulvar tissues. Horn SCC predominated in aged bullocks, while ocular SCC was more frequent in females. Histopathology revealed variable differentiation from well-differentiated keratinizing tumors to poorly differentiated invasive carcinomas. Hematology showed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Pan-CK showed strong positivity in all cases, EGFR expression increased in aggressive tumors, p53 exhibited variable nuclear positivity, and p16 expression was weak or absent, highlighting their diagnostic and prognostic significance.
