Biofertilizers and biostimulants have emerged as sustainable alternatives to conventional agrochemicals, enhancing crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts. Biofertilizers improve nutrient availability through biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and beneficial microbial interactions, whereas biostimulants enhance plant growth, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and soil health through natural compounds and microbial metabolites. Recent advances in microbial consortia, seaweed extracts, humic substances, protein hydrolysates, and nanotechnology-based formulations have expanded their agricultural applications. Emerging trends emphasize precision agriculture, climate-resilient farming, and integrated nutrient management. Their widespread adoption can improve soil fertility, reduce chemical fertilizer dependence, and promote sustainable, resilient, and environmentally friendly crop production systems.

Keywords: Biofertilizers; biostimulants; PGPR; sustainable agriculture; nutrient use efficiency.