Biofertilizers and biostimulants have emerged as sustainable alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals, offering significant potential to improve agricultural productivity while maintaining soil health. These eco-friendly inputs enhance nutrient availability, stimulate plant growth, improve stress tolerance, and promote beneficial microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Advances in microbial inoculants, seaweed extracts, humic substances, protein hydrolysates, and plant growth-promoting microorganisms have expanded their applications across diverse cropping systems. Their integration into climate-smart and precision agriculture supports improved crop yield, resource-use efficiency, and environmental sustainability. This review highlights recent innovations, mechanisms of action, practical applications, challenges, and future prospects of biofertilizers and biostimulants in sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: Biofertilizer; biostimulant; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; soil health; sustainable agriculture.