Digital agriculture and Internet of Things (IoT)-based farming systems represent a paradigm shift in modern agricultural practices, offering data-driven solutions to address global food security challenges. This comprehensive review examines the current state, key technologies, applications, and future prospects of digital agriculture with a focus on IoT-enabled smart farming systems. The integration of IoT sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), big data analytics, blockchain technology, and cloud computing has transformed traditional farming into precision-oriented, resource-efficient operations. IoT-based systems enable real-time monitoring of soil moisture, crop health, weather conditions, and livestock welfare, facilitating informed decision-making and automated farm management. Studies have demonstrated that IoT-enabled precision agriculture can increase crop yields by up to 25%, reduce water consumption by 30%, and significantly lower input costs (Charania & Li, 2020). However, widespread adoption faces challenges including high initial investment costs, limited rural connectivity, data privacy concerns, digital literacy gaps, and interoperability issues. This review synthesizes findings from recent literature to provide a holistic understanding of how digital technologies are reshaping the agricultural landscape, particularly in developing countries, and identifies future research directions for sustainable smart farming.

Keywords: Digital Agriculture; Internet of Things (IoT); Precision Farming; Smart Agriculture; Sustainable Crop Management