Seed technology encompasses the scientific principles and practices involved in the production, processing, certification, treatment, storage, and distribution of high-quality seeds for sustainable agriculture. Quality seeds serve as the foundational input for crop production, directly influencing germination, plant vigour, yield potential, and overall agricultural productivity. This review examines the key domains of modern seed technology, including seed production systems and multiplication classes, seed processing and quality assessment, certification standards enforced by agencies such as the Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA), and advanced seed treatment and priming techniques. The paper further explores emerging innovations such as CRISPR-based gene editing, nanotechnology-enabled seed coatings, blockchain-driven seed traceability, and artificial intelligence applications in seed quality analysis. By integrating these technological advances, seed technology continues to play a pivotal role in ensuring food security, enhancing crop resilience, and promoting environmentally sustainable agricultural practices worldwide.

Keywords: Seed Technology; Seed Certification; Seed Priming; Crop Productivity; Sustainable Agriculture.