Plant breeding and genetics have undergone transformative advances in recent decades, driven by the integration of molecular biology, genomics, and computational technologies. This comprehensive review examines the key innovations reshaping modern crop improvement, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, speed breeding, doubled haploid technology, and the emerging roles of artificial intelligence and epigenomics. These technologies have significantly accelerated the development of superior crop varieties with enhanced yield, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and climate resilience. The convergence of these interdisciplinary approaches offers unprecedented opportunities to address global food security challenges posed by a growing population and climate change. This review synthesizes current knowledge, evaluates the potential and limitations of each technology, and provides future perspectives for the continued advancement of plant breeding and genetics.

Keywords: Plant Breeding, Genomic Selection, CRISPR-Cas9, Speed Breeding, Marker-Assisted Selection.