Climate change poses unprecedented threats to global food security through increasing temperatures, erratic rainfall, rising salinity, and frequent extreme weather events. Traditional plant breeding methods, while foundational, are often too slow to address the accelerating pace of environmental change. This review examines recent advances in plant breeding technologies for developing climate-resilient crop varieties. Key innovations discussed include CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing for targeted modification of stress-responsive genes, marker-assisted selection (MAS) for pyramiding abiotic stress tolerance traits, genomic selection (GS) for predicting complex trait performance, speed breeding protocols for accelerating generation cycles, and high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) for precision trait evaluation. The integration of these modern breeding approaches offers transformative potential for developing crop varieties with enhanced drought, heat, salinity, and flood tolerance. This paper highlights successful case studies and outlines future directions for achieving sustainable food production under changing climatic conditions.

Keywords: Climate resilience; CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing; Marker-assisted selection; Speed breeding; Abiotic stress tolerance.