Climate change is undermining crop productivity, water availability and soil health, threatening global food security. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA), introduced by the Food and Agriculture Organization in 2010, is an integrative approach that pursues three simultaneous objectives: sustainably increasing productivity and incomes, adapting and building resilience to climate change, and reducing or removing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions where possible. It discusses core CSA strategies including conservation agriculture, agroforestry, improved crop varieties, integrated soil-fertility and pest management, water-smart practices and digital agriculture, and highlights the enablers, barriers and policy needs shaping their adoption. Evidence indicates that context-specific CSA portfolios can raise yields, strengthen resilience and lower emission intensity, provided institutional, financial and knowledge constraints are addressed.

Keywords: Climate-smart agriculture; sustainable crop production; conservation agriculture; agroforestry; climate resilience.