The escalating global demand for food coupled with the environmental degradation caused by excessive use of synthetic agrochemicals necessitates a paradigm shift toward sustainable agricultural practices. Biostimulants and biofertilizers have emerged as promising eco-friendly alternatives that enhance crop productivity while preserving soil health and ecosystem integrity. Biostimulants, including humic substances, seaweed extracts, amino acids, protein hydrolysates, and chitosan, function through modulation of plant physiological and molecular processes to improve nutrient use efficiency, stress tolerance, and crop quality. Biofertilizers, comprising beneficial microorganisms such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium, Azotobacter), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), enhance nutrient availability through biological processes. This review comprehensively examines the classification, mechanisms of action, synergistic effects, regulatory frameworks, and market trends of biostimulants and biofertilizers. The integration of these biological inputs offers a viable strategy for achieving sustainable food production, reducing environmental pollution, and ensuring long-term agricultural resilience in the context of climate change.

Keywords: Biostimulants; Biofertilizers; Sustainable Agriculture; Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria; Nutrient Use Efficiency.