Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool in modern agriculture, offering innovative solutions to enhance crop productivity, resource-use efficiency, and environmental sustainability. This review examines the current applications of nanotechnology across key agricultural domains, including nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, nanosensors, smart delivery systems, and soil remediation. Nanofertilizers improve nutrient delivery through controlled and targeted release mechanisms, increasing crop yields by 20–55% while reducing fertilizer input requirements by 30–50% compared to conventional formulations (Singh et al., 2022). Nanopesticides encapsulated in biodegradable polymers such as chitosan enhance pest management efficiency while reducing environmental toxicity by up to 20% (Oliveira et al., 2018). Nanosensors integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) platforms enable real-time monitoring of soil health, plant stress, and nutrient status, facilitating precision agriculture. Despite these advances, challenges related to nanotoxicity, regulatory frameworks, scalability, and farmer awareness remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. This paper synthesizes recent research findings and highlights future directions for the responsible integration of nanotechnology into sustainable agricultural systems.

Keywords: Nanotechnology; Nanofertilizers; Precision Agriculture; Smart Delivery Systems; Sustainable Crop Production.